FEMINISM & PSYCHOLOGY

英文简介

Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the genders.[1][2][3] This includes fighting gender stereotypes and seeking to establish educational and professional opportunities for women that are equal to those for men.Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including the right to vote, to hold public office, to work, to earn fair wages or equal pay, to own property, to receive education, to enter contracts, to have equal rights within marriage, and to have maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access to legal abortions and social integration, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence.[4] Changes in dress and acceptable physical activity have often been part of feminist movements.[5]Some scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with achieving women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property.[6] Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights, some feminists, including bell hooks, argue for the inclusion of men's liberation within its aims because they believe that men are also harmed by traditional gender roles.[7] Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender.[8][9]Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints and aims. Some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and college-educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of ethnically specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism and intersectional feminism.

中文简介

女权主义是一系列政治运动、意识形态和社会运动，它们有一个共同的目标:定义、确立和实现性别的政治、经济、个人和社会平等。这包括消除对性别的刻板印象，寻求为女性创造与男性平等的教育和职业机会。女权运动已经并继续为妇女的权利而运动，包括投票权、担任公职的权利、工作的权利、获得公平工资或同工同酬的权利、拥有财产的权利、接受教育的权利、签订合同的权利、婚姻中享有平等权利和产假的权利。女权主义者还努力确保合法堕胎和社会融合，保护妇女和女孩免受强奸、性骚扰和家庭暴力。改变衣着和可接受的体育活动常常是女权运动的一部分一些学者认为女权主义运动是一个重大历史背后的主要力量为妇女权利的社会变化,尤其是在西方,他们普遍认为,实现妇女选举权,性别中立的英语,对女性生育权(包括节育和堕胎),和进入合同和拥有财产的权利。[6]中国英语学习网虽然女权主义的倡导现在和过去主要集中在妇女的权利上，但是一些女权主义者，包括贝尔·胡克斯在内，主张将男性解放纳入其目标，因为他们认为男性也受到传统性别角色的伤害。[7]女性主义理论起源于女权主义运动，旨在通过考察女性的社会角色和生活经历来理解性别不平等的本质;它发展了各种学科的理论，以回应有关性别的问题许多女权主义运动和意识形态的发展，代表了不同的观点和目标。一些女权主义形式被批评只考虑白人、中产阶级和受过大学教育的人的观点。这种批判导致了特定种族或多元文化形式的女权主义的产生，包括黑人女权主义和跨部门的女权主义。

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